German employment law is complex and subject to various statutory regulations that often are widely unknown to foreign companies planning to hire staff in Germany. As German employment law additionally is employee friendly, it is important for foreign companies to be familiar with some basic issues.
Written Employment Contract
Each employee has a right to and will expect a written summary of the main terms and conditions of employment. It is furthermore important to know that certain provisions are enforceable only if agreed in writing. The advantage for employers is the possibility to include certain provisions into the agreement, especially about intellectual property rights, confidentiality and noncompetition covenants. Several obligations and rights imposed by Germany law may, however, overrule contractual agreements.
Protection Against Dismissal
If an employer employs more than 10 employees in Germany, the Protection against Unfair Dismissal Act applies. Thus, a legally "fair" reason (operational, personal or misconduct of the employee) is required to dismiss an employee who has been employed for more than six months. When employing less than 10 employees no reason for dismissal is needed. The dismissal, however, needs to be in line with the applicable notice period and comply with the principles of good faith and good morals. Special protection against unfair dismissal applies to some groups of employees (e.g. pregnant employees and young mothers, employees during parental leave or employees who have severe disabilities). The required prior approval of the competent state authorities is usually difficult to obtain.
Notice Periods and Severance Pay
For any ordinary dismissal, the applicable termination notice period needs to be observed. The statutory notice period increases with times of service and prevails if it is longer than a period agreed in the employment contract. During the initial six months of employment, a probationary period can be agreed in which dismissal is possible with two weeks' notice (after having heard from the Works Council, if any). Even though no statutory entitlements or calculations of severance payments exist, they are often agreed upon in termination or settlement agreements ending a lawsuit for unfair dismissal.
Statutory Holiday Entitlement
Employees in Germany have a statutory right to 20 days paid holiday per year in a five-day working week. Nevertheless, many employment contracts provide for a higher number (e.g., 25 to 30 days) of paid vacation days. Severely disabled employees may claim an additional five working days of vacation according to statutory law.
Working Time Regulations
The regular number of hours during a working day (weekdays excluding Sundays und public holidays) must not exceed eight hours. Extensions up to 10 hours are permissible if the average daily working time does not exceed eight hours within the last six months or 24 weeks. In a regular five-day week (Monday to Friday), the average working time is between 35 and 40 hours. Although German law on working hours provides exemptions to work on Sundays and public holidays, they might be subject to prior approval by the competent state authorities in some cases.
Continued Remuneration During Sickness
Employees are entitled to six weeks continued full remuneration from the employer for each illness during a calendar year. Afterwards, employees can apply for sick pay with the statutory (or voluntary private) health insurance for 78 weeks.
Maternity and Parental Leave
It is generally forbidden to work later than six weeks before the expected due date and up to eight weeks after the actual birth date (extended to 12 weeks for premature or multiple births). However, the employee may work before the birth date if she clearly states that she is willing to. During unpaid child-raising leave (up to three years) the employment contract is suspended and the previous position must still be available when the employee returns.
Minimum Wage
As of Jan. 1, the minimum wage for employees is 9.19 euros (approximately $10.53) per hour. This applies to all employees except apprentices and interns within certain internships. Liability may arise if a company does not pay the minimum wage to its employees.
Noncompete and Nonsolicitation Provisions
In addition to statutory restrictions, employment contracts usually include detailed noncompete restrictions. These can be enforced in Germany only if they are reasonable, the prohibition does not exceed two years and the employer pays the employee compensation for the duration of the prohibition of at least 50 percent of the last received remuneration.
Works Councils
Works councils, established by the initiative of employees in operations with at least five employees, have broad information, consultation and especially determination rights. For example, a works council needs to be consulted before any dismissal—otherwise the dismissal is void. Moreover, works council members, spare members of the works council, election candidates for the works council and election board members can be terminated only by extraordinary notice for cause and only after the approval of the works council has been obtained.
Claire Dieterling is an attorney with Taylor Wessing in Munich, Germany, and Paris. © 2019 Taylor Wessing. All rights reserved. Reposted with permission of Lexology.
Was this resource helpful?
Validate your HR expertise
Earning your SHRM-CP credential makes you a recognized expert and leader in the HR field.
Related Content
Transform HR with mobile technology to streamline workflows, enhance communication, and boost employee engagement across distributed teams.
A new study found that talent development practitioners believe performance-based assessments are more effective at measuring employee learning outcomes than knowledge tests.
As AI makes deeper inroads into organizations, employee concerns about the technology continue to grow. Here's how HR leaders can address the fear of AI among their own staff, as well as in the wider organization.