How Automation Will Affect Your Workforce

​

Editor's Note: SHRM has partnered with Harvard Business Review to bring you relevant articles on key HR topics and strategies.

Today, executives have to cut through a lot of hype around automation. Leaders need a clear-eyed way to think about how these technologies will specifically affect their organizations. The right question isn't which jobs are going to be replaced, but rather, what work will be redefined, and how? Based on our work with a number of organizations grappling with these issues, we've found that the following four-step approach can help.

1. Start with the work, not the "job" or the technology. Much work will continue to exist as traditional "jobs" in organizations, but automation makes traditional jobs more fluid and an increasing amount of work will occur outside the traditional boundaries of a "job."

Optimally integrating humans and automation requires greater ability to deconstruct work into discrete elements — that is, seeing the tasks of a job as independent and fungible components. Deconstructing and then reconfiguring the components within jobs reveals human-automation combinations that are more efficient, effective, and impactful. AI and robotics increasingly take on the routine aspects of both blue- and white-collar jobs, leaving the non-routine to humans. That challenges the very essence of what organizations retain as human work. The reconfiguration of these non-routine activities will yield new and different types of jobs.

2. Understand the different work automation opportunities. AI can support three types of automation: robotic process automation (RPA), cognitive automation, and social robotics.

RPA automates high volume, low complexity, routine administrative "white collar" tasks — the logical successor to outsourcing many administrative processes, further reducing costs and increasing accuracy. Optimizing RPA can only be done when the work is deconstructed. For example, RPA will seldom replace the entire "job" of a call center representative. Certain tasks, such as talking a client through their frustration with a faulty product or mishandled order will, for now, remain a human task. Others, such as requesting customer identification information and tracking the status of a delivery are optimally done with RPA.

Cognitive automation takes on more complex tasks by applying things like pattern recognition or language understanding to various tasks. For example, the Amazon Go retail store in Seattle has no cashiers or checkout lanes. Customers pick up their items and go, as sensors and algorithms automatically charge their Amazon account. Automation has replaced the work elements of scanning purchases and processing payment. Yet other elements of the "job" of store associate are still done by humans, including advising in-store customers about product features.

Social robotics involves robots moving autonomously and interacting or collaborating with humans through the combination of sensors, AI and mechanical robots. A good example is "driverless" vehicles, where robotics and algorithms interact with other human drivers to navigate through traffic. Deconstructing the "job" reveals that the human still plays an important role. While the human "co-pilot" no longer does the work of routine navigation and piloting, they still do things like observing the driverless operation, and stepping in to assist with unusual or dangerous situations. Indeed, it is often overlooked that the human co-pilot is actually "training" the AI-driven social robotics, because every time the human makes a correction, the situation and the results are "learned" by the AI system.

3. Manage the decoupling of work from the organization. The future global work ecosystem will offer alternative work arrangements including each of the three automation solutions, along with human work sources such as talent platforms, contingent labor, and traditional employment. The human work that is created or remains after automation will not fit easily into traditional jobs, nor will it always be optimally sourced through employment. Work will need to be freed from "jobs within organizations," and instead be measured and executed as more deconstructed units, engaged through many sources. Today's supply chains track the components of products at both an atomized and aggregate level. Similarly, the new work ecosystem will develop a common language of work, enabling organizations not only to forecast and meet work demands from various sources, but to devise new reconfigurations of work elements that are best sourced in alternative ways.

4. Re-envision the organization. The combination of automation, work deconstruction and reconfiguration will often redefine the meaning of "organization" and "leadership." The "organization" must be reconsidered as a hub and capital source for an ecosystem of work providers. Those "providers" include AI and automation, but also include "human" sources such as employees, contractors, freelancers, volunteers and partners. The optimal combination of these providers seldom appears if you frame the question as, "In which jobs will AI replace humans?" Only when you look within those jobs, as described above, will you discover the human-automation combinations that redefine work and how it should be organized.

AI will significantly disrupt and potentially empower the global workforce. It won't happen all at once or in every job, but it will happen, and leaders will need an automation strategy that realizes its benefits, avoids needless costs and rests on a more nuanced understanding of work.

Ravin Jesuthasan is Managing Director and Global Practice Leader at Willis Towers Watson. His most recent book is Lead the Work: Navigating a World Beyond Employment (Wiley, 2015). John Boudreau is professor and research director at USC's Marshall School of Business and Center for Effective Organizations, and is the author of the book Lead the Work, with Ravin Jesuthasan and David Creelman, and Global Trends in Human Resource Management, with Edward E. Lawler III. This article is reprinted from Harvard Business Review with permission. ©2018. All rights reserved.